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The purpose of this research is to study the effects of neoclassical trade liberalization policies enacted in India in 1991 to determine the effect on levels of poverty and income inequality. This research predicts that poverty and economic inequality will be reduced due to implementation of economic liberalization policies. The research uses empirical data from the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), in India and develops a regression model to determine the effects of economic liberalization on income inequality and absolute poverty. The results of the regression model suggest that income inequality and poverty decreased during the year liberalization policies were enacted, but is not statistically proven with enough confidence that liberalization is strongly correlated with a reduction in inequality and poverty. There is a weak statistical correlation that suggests inequality increased in the Indian urban sector, and decreased in the rural sector due to liberalization. In conjunction with a literature review where more robust data and econometric models are applied, the empirical analysis by complimented with the fact that in general income inequality decreased due to economic liberalization policies alone, holding all exogenous factors that affect income inequality constant. The literature review also confirms that poverty levels decreased with economic liberalization, holding all other exogenous factors that affect poverty constant. The implication of this research is that liberalization polices have been successful for overall development in India, and suggests that implementation of liberalization policies may be desirable in nations under similar circumstances as India in the era before its liberalization. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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This research hypothesizes that greater availability of healthcare services, and greater choice in healthcare facilities results in better health when controlling for a variety of socio-economic factors within the Canadian context. This research will model access to healthcare services using density of general and specialist physicians relative to population size, and the geographic density of healthcare facilities. Choice in healthcare is modeled by the number of healthcare facilities in each health region, when normalized by the population in that health region. Various health outcomes will be used as benchmarks to test this hypothesis, including self-reported general health, self-reported mental health, influenza immunization rates, body mass index (BMI), and incidence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension. From the empirical results, choice in the healthcare system does not have an impact on the selected health outcomes. Increased availability of healthcare generally improves health outcomes, but this is dependent on the health outcome in question, and the provincial region being analyzed. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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This research focused on examining the motivational factors that determine the behaviour of consumers in pre and post pandemic times in South Africa by conducting a secondary literature study in the selected universe, with the aim of exploring the key factors in the changes of consumption in men and women, due to the situation of isolation caused by COVID 19. The economic factor referring to the consumption of basic necessities in consumer behaviour is a benchmark for marketing sanitary. Because cleaning, sanitizing and medicinal products have become part of the basic (emerging) consumption of men and women in South Africa. Likewise, the psychological factor, from an exercise and health perspective, is another important factor in times of pandemic. The present study conducted in two phases, pre and post COVID-19 in South Africa. During those period consumers used to buy in a hybrid mode of shopping. Twelve variables (items) are used for the scale development of buying behaviour and taken from the literature and further improved through EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) in the study. The questionnaire was developed using the five-point Likert scale. The survey tool consisted of 30 items. There are 258 respondents were replied through online questionnaire. Two set of questions were asked, and responses were analysed.
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The COVID-19 crisis has severely hampered the worldwide market, leading to several issues in the supply chain of several necessities, but a considerable increase in the healthcare sector for the pharmaceutical industry. Using machine learning, this research aims to comprehend and forecast pharmaceutical sector sales post-COVID-19. This paper analyzed the major non-communicable diseases and the pharmaceuticals used to treat them, discovered and determined the most significant factors, and utilized them to construct appropriate models for the study. An online survey was performed among Indian families using a structured questionnaire, including both open-ended and closed-ended questions on the family's health. Prior to and during the lockdown, information on non-communicable diseases and the usage of medications was gathered. Our results suggest that the unanticipated transformation in lifestyle has altered disease prevalence, which is a consideration for the pharmaceutical sector to address. And these models helped to figure out how disease levels were changing and how likely it was that the number of people with certain diseases would go up based on their symptoms. This gave a better idea of how to treat the patients. © 2023 IEEE.
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Senior housing with age-friendly design and elderly care services contributes to the health and well-being of older people. Previous research has evidenced that the immediate environment factors of senior housing, such as the design of housing features and facilities, have a direct bearing on the satisfaction and quality of life of older people. However, external environment factors, such as political, economic, and social ones that affect key stakeholders' behaviors in senior housing development, are relatively under-researched. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the external environmental factors influencing the development of senior housing. Taking Hong Kong as case study, this study first commenced with a systematic review to identify the factors in political, economic, and social domains from global evidence. Following this, we interviewed local experts from academia, industry, and government to solicit their opinions on the relative importance of these factors. We then determined the factor rankings using the analytical hierarchy process method. The results showed that local experts perceived economic factors as the most critical ones in influencing senior housing development in Hong Kong, including land costs, funding from financial institutions, and government incentives. If policymakers tend to promote senior housing in densely populated cities like Hong Kong, the policies should be attractive for housing developers, such as land premium concessions and innovative financial channels for supporting the long-term development of senior housing. © 2023 by the authors.
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We compared retention in care outcomes between a pre-COVID-19 (Apr19-Mar20) and an early-COVID-19 (Apr20-Mar21) period to determine whether the pandemic had a significant impact on these outcomes and assessed the role of patient sociodemographics in both periods in individuals enrolled in the Data for Care Alabama project (n = 6461). Using scheduled HIV primary care provider visits, we calculated a kept-visit measure and a missed-visit measure and compared them among the pre-COVID-19 and early-COVID-19 periods. We used logistic regression models to calculated odds ratios (OR) and accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, individuals had lowers odds of high visit constancy [OR (95% CI): 0.85 (0.79, 0.92)] and higher odds of no-shows [OR (95% CI): 1.27 (1.19, 1.35)] during the early-COVID-19 period. Compared to white patients, Black patients were more likely to miss an appointment and transgender people versus cisgender women had lower visit constancy in the early-COVID-19 period.
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COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically reshaped educational strategies and the methods of their delivery. It has also affected those courses that incorporate many social media online activities. This paper introduces the major strategies that were used to adapt an already stable Web 2.0-based course to a fully online course. A comparison of teaching and learning methods and outcomes before and after the transition is presented, illustrated by a series of selected decision factors that are discussed in more detail. It is additionally supplemented by students' evaluation of the course organization and its quality in parallel with the teacher's impression of the amount of acquired knowledge and the ways students received their passing grade. Expecting a soon return to in-class education, the course will have to undergo a new in-depth adaptation taking into account the experiences gained during fully online learning and the fact that students will have to re-learn how face-to-face education functioned. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Publications on COVID-19's impact on the global tuberculosis burden are from adult cohorts, pediatric data are lacking for inform decision. We compared the TB trends in southern Nigerian children in the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 era. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of early morning sputum/gastric washing or stool samples from children with presumptive TB evaluated using GeneXpert in a tertiary hospital from January 2016 to May 2022. Of the 20 589 persons screened for presumed TB in the pre-COVID-19 and the COVID-19 era, only 1104 (88.7%) of 1245 children had complete data for analysis. In the COVID era, a significantly higher number of children were presumed to have TB 755 (68.4%), P < .001. The overall incidence of MTB detected by Xpert MTB/RIF during the study period was 6.4% (71/1104). The incidence of MTB in the pre-COVID-19 era was 24/349 (6.9%), which was slightly higher than the COVID-19 era (47/755; 6.2%), P > .05). The annual trends of MTB detected peaked in 2019 [18/115; 15.7%] in the pre-COVID-19 era, then plummeted to 12/228 (5.3%) in 2020 in the COVID-19 era, and reached its all-time low of 6/160 (3.8%) in the first half of 2022, (P < .001). The overall incidence of Rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) was 2.8% among the MTB detected cases and all occurred in the COVID-19 era. This study found a significant decline in MTB diagnosis and in the emergence of RR-TB in the COVID-19 era. This necessitates re-prioritizing worldwide efforts to manage childhood tuberculosis, including increased testing, if the aim of eliminating tuberculosis by 2035 is to be met.
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BACKGROUND: Tracheostomy is a life-saving procedure whose outcomes may vary between hospitals based on disparities in their existing expertise. We aimed at establishing the indications, early tracheostomy-related complications and their associated factors in Uganda. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, we consecutively enrolled one-hundred patients, both adults and children 2 h post-tracheostomy procedure. At baseline, information on patients' socio-demographics, tracheostomy indications, pre- and post-procedural characteristics was collected through researcher administered questionnaires and from medical records. Clinical examination was performed at baseline but also at either day 7 or whenever a tracheostomy-related complication was suspected during the 7 days follow-up. Comparison of patients' baseline characteristics, tracheostomy indications and complications across two hospitals was done using Pearson's chi-square. For predictors of early tracheostomy complications, bivariate and multivariate analysis models were fitted using binomial regression in STATA 13.0 software. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgical tracheostomy. Majority were adults (84%) and males (70%). The commonest tracheostomy indications were; pulmonary toilet (58%) and anticipated prolonged intubation (42%). Overall, 53% (95% CI: 43.0 - 62.7) had early complications with the commonest being tube obstruction (52.6%). Independent predictors of early tracheostomy-related complications were; anticipated prolonged intubation as an indication (RR = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.19 - 2.76), Bjork flap tracheal incision (RR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.09 - 2.43), vertical tracheal incision (RR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.02 - 2.27), and age below 18 years (RR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.00 - 1.47). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary toilet is the commonest tracheostomy indication at major hospitals in Uganda. The incidence of early tracheostomy complications is high and majorly related to post-procedure tracheostomy tube management. Having anticipated prolonged intubation as an indication for tracheostomy, a Bjork flap or vertical tracheal incisions and being a child were associated with increased risk of complications. Emphasis on multidisciplinary team care, standardization of tracheostomy care protocols, and continuous collection of patient data as well as paying attention to patient quality of life factors such as early return to oral feeding, ambulation and normal speech may have great potential for improved quality of tracheostomy care in low resource settings.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Tracheostomy , Child , Male , Adult , Humans , Adolescent , Tracheostomy/adverse effects , Tracheostomy/methods , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Retrospective Studies , COVID-19/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/etiologyABSTRACT
The COVID-19 epidemic has damaged developing as well as developed economies and reduced the profitability of several companies. Technological advancement plays a vital role in the company's performance in this current situation. All activities carry on virtually. In this study, the financial performance of enterprises in the South Asian banking industry will be compared before and after the COVID-19 epidemic. Furthermore, the full influence of the pandemic will take place in the long run. This study also explains the technological effect on improving performance, especially during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. It has an impact on people's social lives as well as the economic world. This study examined a sample of 34 banks from the South Asian region from 2016 to 2021. A Wilcox rank test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference before and after the epidemic era. The overall conclusion of this study is that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant influence on the bank's financial performance, particularly in terms of profitability. But technological advancement has a positive effect on organizational performance, ultimately increasing the financial performance of South Asian banks. And there is a big difference between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic organizational performance. The findings of this study have significant policy implications since it is clear that cooperation among governments, banks, regulatory agencies, and central banks is necessary to address the financial and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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COVID-19 , Pandemics , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Asian People , Government , IndustryABSTRACT
The COVID-19 health crisis has brought to light a series of shortcomings not only of a medical nature but also of the social, political, economic, cultural nature of all the countries of the world. In this context, indebtedness, especially public debt, has been the answer to many problems in all the countries of the world. The literature and international organizations are carefully and constantly concerned with improving indicators of public indebtedness assessment, including those for assessing debt sustainability. However, there are many areas still unexplored. Therefore, the article aims to highlight the link between public debt and a number of important macroeconomic indicators, including from the sphere of GDP (estimated according to the method of expenses), through the methods of advance coefficient and elasticity, in 11 countries of the world, in the pre COVID19 pandemic period 2001-2019.
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As COVID-19 continues to wreak havoc in everyday lives, the need to limit the spread of the virus remains a challenge, even with advances in medical knowledge, patient care, and vaccine development and distribution. Furthermore, COVID-19 is one in a recent series of airborne diseases, and probably not the last, given the ongoing encroachment of humans into animal habitat. This paper addresses the challenge of managing physical distancing, a highly effective, yet unnatural and contentious, mitigation strategy against infectious diseases. It presents a Pandemic Tech Stack and proposes that physical distancing management technologies are underutilized to fight pandemics. The latter can help ensure that people remain apart when they need to, support the transfer of activities to an online format, and, ultimately, facilitate the gradual reopening of our economies. The challenges associated with the development and use of these technologies are identified and discussed from both the technical and socio-psychological perspectives.
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Background: Activity on digital screen has increased so much during the COVID era that there is surge in persons complaining of symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS). Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of CVS among the medical students and its associated factors during COVID period and to compare it with pre-COVID period. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 337 undergraduate medical students at Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand using pretested structured questionnaire which was filled through Google form for which link was circulated in class WhatsApp group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Frequency, percentage, binary logistic regression, and McNemar test was applied. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of CVS was significantly higher during COVID period, 54.9% (95% CI=49.7–60.1) that was significantly higher than non-COVID period. Eye strain (16.6%) was the most common CVS symptom during both pre-COVID and COVID period. The prevalence of CVS was significantly associated with use of preventive measures. During COVID period, average hours spent in digital screen was significantly higher as compared to non-COVID period. Conclusion: This study showed that there was increase in CVS among the study participants during COVID era as there was increase in spending hours on digital screen and not or reduction in adopting preventive measures. It is important to increase awareness regarding the symptoms and precautions related to CVS. [ FROM AUTHOR]
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PurposeThis study is a pre-COVID-19 exposition of the existing situation about external debt-GDP relationship, incorporating corruption into the hypothesis, making South Africa the object of the study. The aim is to examine the causal relationship between corruption, economic growth and external debt, and in the end proffer solutions to the problems arising therefrom.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed ARDL technique on time series data running from 1990 to 2019 with real gross domestic product as the dependent variable and external debt, external debt servicing, corruption, inflation and capital formation as regressors. Necessary tests that include unit root, cointegration, CUSUM and CUSUMSq, normality, serial correlation and heteroscedasticity were performed on the model.FindingsThe study shows that corruption, inflation and external debt servicing exert negative influences on economic growth while the effect of investment on growth was positive. External debt's effect in the short run was positive while its long-run effect on growth was negative. Among other things, the need to improve and strengthen public institutions in addition to targeting tax evaders and avoiders for increased government revenue were emphasized.Originality/valueThe study incorporates corruption into the country specific debt-GDP debate as against earlier studies that excluded corruption in their time series analysis or that were cross-country based. The authors also exposit the existing knowledge of the debt-GDP hypothesis before the outbreak of COVID 19 pandemic. This is expected to serve as a precursor to subsequent studies on the rising debt of South Africa during and after the pandemic.
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This study systematically assess the paradigm shift in consumer behavior during Pre-COVID and COVID scenarios using social media (data collected from Facebook, Twitter, Pin Interest, YouTube, Reviews & Forums, and Google Plus) platforms. The study analyzed 523,764 and 1,054,794 social media responses in Pre-COVID and COVID eras respectively. Due to the large volume of the data, for Pre-COVID era, responses from August to December 2019 were considered. For COVID era, responses from January to June 2020 were taken into the account. The organic food categories, considered in the study were Snacks, Fruits, Vegetables, Beers & Alcohol, Meat, Flour, Dairy, Cereals & Savories, Health Drink, Noodles & Fast Food, Dessert and Pizza & Pasta. In the study three-stage filtering for Sentiment Analysis was performed (86.4% accuracy achieved) using Natural Language Processing, Manual analysis of sentiment and Bi-Directional Encoder Representations from Transforms based model. It was concluded that in Pre-COVID era, people were less aware about the health benefits of organic food but in COVID era, the awareness level of consumers rose exponentially about various organic food categories, especially about processed organic food categories and benefits of raw organic food categories. In Pre-COVID Era, consumers were mainly focused on fresh fruits and vegetables. In COVID Era, food categories like Dairy, Meat and Vegetables were at the top. Fruits, snacks, beer and alcohol were also in high demand. While analyzing the Pre-COVID and COVID scenarios, we observed a shift in consumer behaviour from raw organic food categories towards processed and semi-processed organic food categories. Organic noodles & fast food, dessert and health drinks still remained as the least preferred food categories. The study is unique since it provides a macro and micro view of shift in consumer behavior preferences in Pre-COVID and COVID eras using social media at various geographical locations worldwide. This research will help manufacturers of organic food to reshape their existing consumer behavior and market penetration strategies. It will also help in new product designing and increasing the consumer base both at the local and global levels. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Epidemiological data of specific respiratory pathogens from the pre-COVID-19 period are essential to determine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on other respiratory infections. In this study, we revealed the pre-COVID-19 molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among children in Bangladesh. We tested 3170 samples collected from 2008 to 2012 for a panel of respiratory viruses; RSV, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human parainfluenza viruses (hPIV) 1, 2, 3, and adenovirus. Five hundred fifty-five samples (17.5 %) were positive for RSV, including 2.5% having co-infections with other viruses. Genotypic characterization of RSV showed that RSV-A (82%) contributed more acute respiratory infections than RSV-B (18%). Clinical features were similar with RSV-A and RSV-B infections. However, children with RSV-B were more likely to have upper respiratory infections (URI) (10% vs. 29%, p = 0.03). Among RSV-A cases, hospitalization was higher for ON1 cases (25%, ON1 vs. 8%, NA1, p = 0.04), whereas the recovery without a disability was higher among the NA1 cases (56%, ON1 vs. 88%, NA1, p = 0.02). The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for RSV in Bangladesh was 1949 for RSV-A and 1944 for RSV-B. This study revealed the genotypic diversity and evolutionary relatedness of RSV strains in Bangladesh and provided pre-COVID molecular epidemiology data to understand better the COVID-19 impact on upcoming RSV epidemiology in Bangladesh.
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Background: The COVID 19 pandemic has had its impact on tuberculosis notification, incidence, and management, particularly in the context of rifampicin-resistant TB. We set out to determine the trends in rifampicin resistant tuberculosis between the pre-COVID and COVID era in a resource-constrained setting. Methods: This was a retrospective review of single early morning sputum from presumed tuberculosis between January 2016 and May 2022 in a regional TB referral and treatment centre in South-western, Nigeria. We used a molecular beacon to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and mutations in the rpoB gene using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: We analyzed 19,892 of 20,589 presumptive TB with complete data. Most subjects were in the age group 18-45 years (10,594; 53.3 %) and were males (11,492; 57.8 %). Of the 19,892 presumptive TB, 4,526 (22.8 %) were in pre-COVID-19 era (Jan 2016-December 2019) and 15,366 (77.2 %) cases were in COVID-19 era (Jan 2020-May 2022). The MTB notification declined during the COVID-19 era compared with the pre-COVID-19 era (10.5 % vs 12.9 %, p < 0.001). The annual prevalence of MTB rose from 5.6 % (2016) to a peak of 23.2 % in 2019 (pre-COVID-19 era), followed by a decline to 12.8 % in 2020 and 8.6 % in 2022 (COVID-19 era), p = <0.001). The overall incidence of RR-TB was 3.8 %. The incidence of RR was higher during pre-COVID-19 than the COVID-19 era, 9.5 % vs 2.5 %, p = <0.001. The incidence of RR-TB declined substantially from 28.0 % in 2016 to 1.6 % in 2021 but rose exponentially to 5.4 % in 2022. After controlling for confounders, only the pre-COVID-19 status was associated with increased odds for RR (adjusted odds ratio 3.3, 95 % confidence interval, 2.049, 5.421). Conclusion: This study found a progressive decline in MTB notification since the COVID-19 pandemic's outbreak. Furthermore, RR-TB notification decreased gradually in the pre-COVID-19 era, with a resurgence in 2022. In the era of COVID-19, there is an urgent need to increase intervention efforts in order to halt the decline in MTB detection rates and the resurgence of RR-TB.
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Background and objective The role of the antibiogram in reducing hospital length of stay (LOS), mortality rate, health care costs, and, by extension, patients' social, physical, and emotional wellness has a significant impact on the medical community. Hospitals in large cities serve a dynamic population of diverse ethnic groups. Many scholarly works and publications have shown that the antimicrobial pattern in rural settings has significant variability annually. Over the last two years, the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought about many unknowns in the sphere of healthcare. The pattern of pathology accompanying COVID-19 has affected hospital policies and direct patient management, leading to a paradigm shift in approaches, policies, and resource utilization. The years 2019 to 2021 were marked by many admissions due to COVID-19, and the effects of COVID-19 are still being studied. In light of this, this study examined the changes in sensitivity patterns, new trends, and nature of bacteria isolates, antimicrobial rates, and susceptibility based on a rural hospital's annual antibiogram pertaining to its central departments: the intensive care unit (ICU), patient care unit (PCU), the outpatient unit, and emergency department (ED). Methods This five-year retrospective antibiogram review compared antibiogram patterns two years before the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the hospital and those two years after the initial outbreak. Results The organism comparative susceptibility tests for Escherichia coli (E. coli) were not significant except for increased susceptibility toward nitrofurantoin (p=0.003); Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was also not significant except for the increased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (p=0.003). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) had no changes in susceptibility patterns, while Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) had increased susceptibility to imipenem (p=0.05), aztreonam (p=0.00), and meropenem (p=0.004), with reduced susceptibility to gentamicin (97.47% vs. 88.24%, p=0.006). There was a whopping decrease in the sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to clindamycin (75.93% vs. 50.7%, p=0.000), linezolid (99.54% vs. 88.73, p=0.004), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (92.59% vs. 74.65%, p=0.001), and vancomycin (99.54% vs. 88.73%, p=0.004). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) had no significant variation except an increase in susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (p=0.023), and perhaps ironically, Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) had no significant changes in susceptibility pattern. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that the susceptibility of different drugs against different bacterial pathogens varied. However, some antibiotic drugs were found to have high susceptibility against different isolated organisms, and these drugs include amikacin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, cefotaxime, nitrofurantoin, and ceftriaxone. Some organisms showed a significantly declined antibiotic susceptibility, while others showed a significant improvement. The role of COVID-19 regarding these changes is unknown. COVID-19 may not be the cause of the observed differences. We believe that further research on antibiotic legislation and prescribing trends is required. Other non-significant study findings may be attributed to the limited data available to us.
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In India, 9% of the production of fireworks is at Sivakasi alone. This business is a highly profitable one in Sivakasi 0 for the employers. Around 3000 crore worth of firecrackers were produced in 2020. But during this lockdown period, it was Rs. 1500 crore. The market for fireworks is likely to grow at the rate of 10 percent per annum. Nearly five hundred factories are running in Sivakasi. After the ban, the impact would be around 500 crore losses. It is the livelihood of Eight Lakhs Workers. This pandemic hits fireworks industries also. This article focuses that, how fireworks industries sustained during this pandemic situation and the Business model innovation of that in pre and post covid19.